Rokotteet sisältävät erilaisia apu-, lisä- ja säilöntäaineita. Apuaineella rokotteissa tarkoitetaan jotain herkistäjää, joka panee vasta-ainetuotannon käyntiin yhdessä heikennetyn tai kuolleen mikrobin/mikrobinosan kanssa. Kukaan ei tunnu tietävän syytä miksi pelkkä mikrobi ilman apuainetta ei riitä.  Elohopeayhdisteet ja antibiootit ovat rokotteissa mukana säilöntäaineina eli estämässä ei-toivottujen mikrobien kasvua. Apuaineiden todellinen myrkyllisyys on sitten oma asiansa, jonka jokaisen vanhemman on punnittava. 

Stakesin "Meille tulee vauva" -oppaassa (2001) todetaan, että "Rokotteet sisältävät häviävän pieniä määriä ns. apuaineita (esim. elohopea, alumiini) esimerkiksi ruokaan verrattuna." Mutta voidaanko asioita verrata näin? Ruokaa syödään ja kaikki ruuan mukana tulevat ainesosat eivät imeydy suolistosta, vaan tulevat aikanaan pois elimistöstä. Rokote sen sijaan pistetään lihakseen, josta myrkyt eivät pääse samalla lailla poistumaan.  

Rokotteissa käytettäviä apu-, lisä- ja säilöntäaineita ovat:

• Adjuvantit (sikainfluenssa: öljypohjaiset adjuvantit, jotkut muut: alumiiniadjuvantit)
• Albumiini (mpr)
• Alumiiniyhdisteet (pdt)
• Dekstraani (bcg)
• Fenoksietanoli (polio)
• Fenolipuna (polio, mpr)
• Formaldehydi (polio)
• Liivate (mpr)
• Neomysiini (mpr)
• Tiomersaali (elohopeayhdiste) (Dtap-Hib nelosrokote, viitosroote, sikainfluenssa, jotkut influenssarokotteet)
• Tyloksapooli (bcg)

Linkit

• Viera Scheibnerin kirjoitus rokotteiden koostumuksesta
• Ekoisti lääkkeiden apuaineista
• Yhdysvaltain tautienhallintoviraston CDC:n taulukko rokotteiden sisältämistä aineista
• Rokottajan käsikirja: peuskatsaus rokotteisiin - Myös rokotteiden koostumuksesta
• KTL: ainesosat tai apuaineet, joille voi esiintyä voimakasta yliherkkyyttä
• "Sellaisia apuaineita ja apuaineyhdistelmiä, joissa yhdistyisi sekä immuunijarjestelmää ärsyttavä vaikutus ja vähäinen toksisuus (myrkyllisyys) ei ole olemassa."
• CDC:n selostus apuaineista
• Rokotteiden sisältämistä apuaineista
• Kuvauksia apuaineista rokotekohtaisesti
• Tetrahedron: Rokotteiden saastumisen ongelma
• KTL: Rokottajan käsikirja: Rokotteiden sisältämät aineosat tai apuaineet joille voi esiintyä voimakasta yliherkkyyttä.
• Rokotteiden apuaineista
• USA: CDC: haittavaikutuksia lisätty liittovaltion haittavaikutuslistalle

Kirjallisuutta

• Aukrust L, et al. Severe hypersensitivity or intolerance reactions to measles vaccine in six children. Clinical and immunological studies. Allergy. 1980 Oct;35(7):581-7. PMID: 7468944; UI: 81131462.
• Beck SA, et al. Egg hypersensitivity and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine administration. Pediatrics. 1991 Nov;88(5):913-7. PMID: 1945631; UI: 92051058.
• Kelso JM, et al. Anaphylaxis from yellow fever vaccine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Apr;103(4):698-701. PMID: 10200022; UI: 99216472.
• Kelso JM, et al (1993) Anaphylaxis to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine mediated by IgE to gelatin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993 Apr;91(4):867-72 Allergic reactions to measles, mumps, and bnrubella (MMR) vaccine are rare; some have been attributed to allergy to trace quantities of egg proteins. We report a 17-year-old female who had an anaphylactic reaction to MMR vaccine. A primary vaccination with MMR at age 15 months had been uneventful. She is not allergic to eggs; however, ear and throat pruritus and tongue swelling develop after she eats gelatin. MMR vaccine contains gelatin as a stabilizer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prick skin tests were positive to 1:10 wt/vol dilutions of MMR vaccine and gelatin but negative to egg. By immunoassay, her serum IgE antibodies were elevated to both MMR vaccine and gelatin, but not to isolated MMR antigens. IgE binding to the gelatin carrier could be inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by addition of not only MMR vaccine but also gelatin from a variety of animal sources. Immunoblotting confirmed the presence of IgE antibodies to multiple gelatin components as well as to MMR vaccine components. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the patient has an anaphylactic sensitivity to gelatin, and that her anaphylaxis to MMR vaccine was caused by the gelatin component. This sensitivity may explain other cases of MMR anaphylaxis.
• Businco L. Measles, mumps, rubella immunization in egg-allergic children: a long-lasting debate. Ann Allergy. 1994 Jan;72(1):1-3. No abstract available.PMID: 8291742; UI: 94121309.
• Christensen M, et al. [MMR-vaccination of children allergic to eggs]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1999 Mar 1;161(9):1270-2. Danish. PMID: 10083824; UI: 99183393. Fasano MB, et al. Egg hypersensitivity and adverse reactions to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. J Pediatr. 1992 Jun;120(6):878-81. PMID: 1593346; UI: 92277197. Greenberg MA, et al. Safe administration of mumps-measles-rubella vaccine in egg-allergic children. J Pediatr. 1988 Sep;113(3):504-6. No abstract available.PMID: 3411397; UI: 88316533. Kelso JM. The gelatin story. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Feb;103(2 Pt 1):200-2. No abstract available.PMID: 9949308; UI: 99135984. Nakayama T, et al. A clinical analysis of gelatin allergy and determination of its causal relationship to the previous administration of gelatin-containing acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Feb;103(2 Pt 1):321-5. PMID: 9949325; UI: 99136001. Rietschel RL, et al. Neomycin sensitivity and the MMR vaccine. JAMA. 1981 Feb 13;245(6):571. No abstract available.PMID: 7452881; UI: 81096863. Sakaguchi M, et al. Food allergy to gelatin in children with systemic immediate-type reactions, including anaphylaxis, to vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996 Dec;98(6 Pt 1):1058-61. PMID: 8977505; UI: 97132048.
• Sakaguchi M, et al. IgE-mediated systemic reactions to gelatin included in the varicella vaccine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Feb;99(2):263-4. No abstract available.PMID: 9042057; UI: 97194619 Sakaguchi M, et al. Systemic immediate-type reactions to gelatin included in Japanese encephalitis vaccines. Vaccine. 1997 Feb;15(2):121-2. PMID: 9066026; UI: 97218589 Takuji Kumagai Vaccine. Volume 18, Issue 15, 14-February-2000 pp. 1555-1561 Copyright (c) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved. Gelatin-containing diphtheria--tetanus--pertussis (DTP) vaccine causes sensitization to gelatin in the recipients a b Takao Ozaki a Makoto Kamada a Chiharu Igarashi a Kenji Yuri a Hidetsugu Furukawa a Koji Wagatuma c Shunzo Chiba d Masato Sato e Hiroyuki Kojima e Akiko Saito e Toyo Okui e Shoki Yano Abstract Gelatin-specific T cell response was performed to determine whether a series of vaccinations with gelatin-containing DTP is a primary sensitization process in gelatin allergy. Thirty-seven recipients with gelatin-containing DTP who developed adverse reactions after vaccination and eight recipients of DTP without gelatin who also developed adverse reactions were studied. In addition, 10 subjects receiving gelatin-containing vaccine and 10 subjects inoculated with non-gelatin vaccine who did not show any adverse reactions were also investigated. All subjects inoculated with gelatin-containing DTP vaccine showed positive T cell responses against gelatin, however, occurrence of adverse reactions did not correlate with T cell responses. We conclude that DTP vaccine containing gelatin induces sensitization to gelatin in the recipients, but the mechanism of local reactions remains unknown. Taniguchi K, et al. Gelatin-induced T-cell activation in children with nonanaphylactic-type reactions to vaccines containing gelatin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 Dec;102(6 Pt 1):1028-32. PMID: 9847445; UI: 99094941.